APOE and atherosclerosis: APOE genotypes, especially APOE4, have similarly been associated with an increased risk of CVD phenotypes [158,193] including CAD, atherosclerosis, dilated cardiomyopathy [194], CHD [144], hypercholesterolemia [133,160], ischemic heart disease [133], coronary sclerosis [138,142], stroke [140], and cardiovascular mortality [136], though not universally [139,140,145,153,195].