NFKB1 and Alzheimer disease: Multiple signaling pathways including NFκB, p38 MAPK, Akt/mTOR, Caspase, nitric oxide, and COX activate immune cells such as astrocytes and microglia, which release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukins, and chemokines, all of which contribute to AD pathology [46].