The increased risk in individuals with genotypes comprising two APOL1 risk alleles (compound heterozygous—G1/G2 or homozygous for the G1 or G2 alleles—G1/G1 or G2/G2) is approximately fourfold to sevenfold for hypertension-associated end-stage renal disease, 17-fold for Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis (FSGS), and 29- to 89-fold for HIV-associated nephropathy when compared to individuals with no risk allele (G0/G0), as well as more significant than that for individuals with only a single risk allele (G0/G1 or G0/G2) [1,2,3,4,5]. The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.