TNF and neoplasm: The pro-tumor effects of mast cells include interfering with changes in stromal–epithelial interactions, inducing tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and releasing cytokines such as TNF-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 [87] and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet growth factor-β (PDGF-β) [88,89].