Doxorubicin as an immune modulator has also been studied in GBM, including a recent report where we showed that in a cohort of GBM treated with doxorubicin, anti-PD1 ICI, and ultrasound-based blood-brain barrier opening, doxorubicin promoted the expression of MHC antigen-presenting molecules the tumor cells tumor-associated microglia and IFN-gamma expression by microglia infiltrating T cells [144]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and glioblastoma.