The results showed that the protein levels of p65, pp65, p38, phospho-p38 (pp38) MAPK, and MYD88 were upregulated in E. coli-induced mouse colitis compared to the blank control (Figure 5), indicating that E. coli activates both MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, NFKB1 is linked to colitis.