AKT1 and endothelial dysfunction: Siracusa et al. disclosed that PA induced insulin-resistant-related endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the IRS/PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway, but glycyrrhiza glabra leaf methanolic extract (GGLME) mainly contained D-pinitol, which promoted the expression of IRS, PI3K, AKT, and eNOS to protect the endothelial cell from lipotoxicity-associated metabolic disease.