ATF3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: On the other hand, in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity, coffee intake (2% freeze-dried coffee or 2% green coffee extract) for 9 weeks decreased body weight gain and reduced the expression of inflammatory markers including activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), Fos, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (Socs3) [34].