NF-κB and MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38) signaling pathways are pivotal transcription factors for microglial activation and production of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in various neurodegenerative diseases (El Kasmi et al., 2006; Kwon et al., 2017). Here, MAPK8 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.