In this study, the NEOSTAR trial assessed the rate of major pathological response with the PD-1 inhibitor, nivolumab, in combination with the CTLA-4 inhibitor, ipilimumab, compared with nivolumab alone in 44 patients with operable stage IA–IIIA NSCLC (AJCC 7th edition). Here, CTLA4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.