When compared with the adjuvant treatment approach, from a mechanistic standpoint, the pharmacological inhibition of PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in the neoadjuvant setting may have the advantage of evoking a stronger signal for host T-cells to attack tumor cells due to larger tumor antigen burden prior to surgical resection of the tumor and removal of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [53, 54] (Figure 3). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.