TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: While other TGF-β superfamily members like GDF15 have been proposed as potential markers for precision prevention of CRC with NSAIDs18, the role for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and SMAD family proteins in NSAID chemoprotection are less well established than they are for other agents, like metformin31, or other physiologic processes, like osteogenic differentiation32,33.