However, during the early stages of L. pneumophila infection (1-2 h post-infection, hpi) to A549 lung cells, ubiquitination of p62 at residues Ser361/365/366, near the p62-KIR, by ubiquitin-linked phosphoribosyl (PR-Ub) prevents its binding to Keap1. Here, KEAP1 is linked to infection.