Specifically, the mean levels of three proteins (A2M [alpha-2-macroglobulin], APOA4, and PLTP [phospholipid transfer protein]) were higher, whereas eight proteins (APOB, APOC2 [apolipoprotein C-II], APOC3, apolipoprotein C-IV, APOE, APOL1 [apolipoprotein L1], RBP4 [retinol binding protein 4], and IGF2 [insulin-like growth factor 2]) were lower in individuals with T1DM compared with healthy controls (Fig. 1). Here, APOL1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.