By analyzing serum and using isotope dilution-MS/MS, we previously showed that serum apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3, a protein carried by apolipoprotein B (APOB)-containing lipoproteins and HDL) predicted CVD and was associated with increased odds of coronary artery calcium in CACTI (Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes) (15, 16), a large prospective study of major cardiovascular events in T1DM. This evidence concerns the gene APOC3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.