CALCA and infection: By expandingour current understanding of the cytokine responsestoward GBS-derived MVs, we have identified the modulators that likelyimpact some of the adverse pathologies observed during infection.A previous study showed that the murine chemokine KC, known as CXCL1in humans, was upregulated in response to GBS MVs.17 In support of these findings, we found that CXCL1 and manyother chemokines are upregulated in THP-1 cells following exposureto GBS MVs.