AHR and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tolerogenic vaccination with nanoparticles loaded with autoantigen and the AhR agonist ITE (2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester), suppressed disease in models of EAE (67, 68) and T1D (69), and tolerogenic vaccination with kynurenine and antigen-expressing phages prevented hyperglycemia in a model of T1D (70) (Table 1).