When the body is threatened by foreign substances, infectious microorganisms, or cancer cells, macrophages can mount an effective defense through the processes of phagocytosis as well as secretion of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) (Wang et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.