The knowledge that both: i) expression of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory receptor on regulatory T-cells (Tregs) is a key regulator of T-cell activation (11); and ii) overexpression of the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), or its receptor on T-cells (PD-1), promotes dysfunction of tumor-infiltrating T-cells (12) has led to the targeting of these molecules using monoclonal antibodies. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.