CD40LG and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: There still are some proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 (P = 0.026), and chemokine, CCL-2 (P = 0.004), remodeling factors, EGF and TGF-α (P < 0.001, 0.022, respectively), and other biomarkers including CD40L, IFN-α, PD-L1, and TRAIL were higher in refractory CRSwNP than in control subjects (P = 0.003, 0.002, 0.002, and 0.022, respectively).