TNF and Pleural effusion: In a similar study, the authors treated 10−2 mM CBD to normal primary human bronchial cells (NHBE), bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), monocytes derived from pleural effusion (U937), and lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) after being stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and examined the release of TNF-α and IL-8 cytokines by ELISA (Muthumalage and Rahman, 2019).