Another study found that apoptotic vesicles secreted by BMMSCs inhibit Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets and their cytokines in a dose-dependent manner by binding phosphatidylserine to CD4+T cells, thereby alleviating SLE symptoms and pathological manifestations (Wang et al. 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and systemic lupus erythematosus.