HMOX1 and Cognitive impairment: AS-IV treatment was found to significantly ameliorate the increase of ROS in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 of T2DM mice, decrease MDA levels, increase SOD activity in T2DM mice, and the Nrf2/Keap1/HO1/NQO1 pathway is the main pathway by which AS-IV reduces oxidative stress after T2DM, which in turn reduces cognitive impairment in T2DM mice (56).