SOD1 and vitamin D deficiency: In a study by Dzik et al., patients with both low back pain and vitamin D deficiency consumed 3,200 IUs of vitamin D for five weeks, and they experienced significant decreases in the concentrations of 8-isoprostanes and PC in their paraspinal muscle along with significant decreases in cytosolic SOD and GPx activity; these finding [18] are similar to those of our study.