TGFB1 and neoplasm: The critical role of TGF-β in cancer progression, highlighting its multifaceted influence on cellular processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ECM remodeling, which contribute to tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapies.271–275 A hallmark feature of many cancers is the loss of responsiveness to TGF-β, which enables cancer cells to evade growth inhibition and immune surveillance, thereby facilitating tumor progression.