Deconvolution of bulk RNA-Seq data from the HNSCC TCGA cohort using MCP-counter confirmed that HPV+ve tumours contain significantly more CD8 + T-cells (p < 0.0001), CD4 + T-cells (p < 0.0001) and B-cells (p < 0.0001; Supplementary Fig. 1F). Here, CD4 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.