Cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α are key mediators of antitumor immunity, with IFN-γ known to enhance the antigen presentation and cytotoxicity of immune cells, while TNF-α plays a pivotal role in inducing apoptosis in GBM cells and modulating the tumor microenvironment20–22. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and glioblastoma.