Some studies used HAZ cutoff values for failure to thrive equal to HAZ < −2 SD or HAZ < 5th percentile as an indicator of malnutrition, while others assessed anemia together or separately with different hemoglobin cutoff points by study and by age, with the most common being anemia (Hb < 120 g/L). Here, GSTM1 is linked to anemia (phenotype).