TGFBI and cancer: Notably, the effect of TGFBI on cancer stemness and its modulation of immune responses in the tumor microenvironment underscores its contribution to tumorigenesis, and TGFBI can activate the Focal Adhesion Kinase-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase—Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (FAK-MAPK-ERK) signaling pathway to alter the tumor microenvironment [17,30].