ICAM1 and Schnyder corneal dystrophy: Plasma mean vascular injury markers ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significantly elevated in HbSS than in HbAA (258,584 ± 73,023 vs. 143,135 ± 68,405 pg/mL, p = 0.0018) and (308,364 ± 90,039 vs. 134,067 ± 25,680 pg/mL, p < 0.0001) respectively, suggesting increased vascular inflammation and injury in SCD (Figures 7E, F).