PIGF and Schnyder corneal dystrophy: Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and angiogenic markers like Placental Growth Factor (PIGF) have been linked to SCD severity and complications (Zhang and An, 2007; Hasanvand, 2022; Korobova et al., 2023; Perelman et al., 2003; Gu et al., 2018).