COX-2, a pro-inflammatory enzyme, promotes esophageal adenocarcinoma; normal gastrin levels may mitigate esophageal cancer risk by counteracting COX-2 activity, while elevated gastrin levels may upregulate COX-2 expression (Abdalla et al., 2004; Shirvani et al., 2000; Song et al., 2007). This evidence concerns the gene GAST and esophageal cancer.