INS and Insulin resistance: In previous studies, the most commonly used methods for inducing insulin resistance include high concentrations of insulin (HCI) (102, 103), high concentrations of glucose (HCG) (104, 105), and high levels of FFAs (106, 107), alongside other inducers like dexamethasone (108, 109), glucosamine (GlcN) (110, 111), uric acid (UA) (112), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (113, 114).