TNF and Insulin resistance: While both cell lines can be induced to insulin resistance by using FFAs, insulin, and TNF-α (discussed further in the subsequent sections), a study indicates that SGBS cell line is more sensitive than 3T3-L1 to insulin signaling disruptions induced by FFAs such as PA, because it shows a more pronounced recovery of Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation and a closer resemblance to human primary cells in signaling responses (99).