Additionally, studies have demonstrated that berberine acts as an immunotherapeutic agent by enhancing anti-tumor T-cell immunity, reduces the expression of PD-L1 and promotes anti-tumor immunity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by specifically binding to Glu- 76 of CSN5 and inhibiting CSN5-mediated deubiquitination activity (Liu Y. et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.