Comparative data on cytokine profiles in serum and tracheobronchial aspirate fluid concentrations in infants with BPD revealed elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemo-attractant proteins (MCPs) and macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP), and decreased level of IL-10, which indicating dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in BPD (3, 55, 56). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.