TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Lastly, the analysis relied on crude estimations of TNF-α polymorphism associations with BPD, without accounting for the impact of confounding variables such as gender, gestational age, birth weight, severity of BPD, mortality rates, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Apgar scores, mode of delivery, intrauterine infections, and the necessity for ventilatory support.