MDM2 and neoplasm: To further assess therapeutic efficacy, we used a subcutaneous A549 lung carcinoma model, where the combined treatment of RLS/HS@Au/SP141/p53 again resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth compared to p53 treatment alone, supporting the therapeutic potential of targeting the p53/MDM2 pathway (Fig. 8h, i and Supplementary Figs. 32, 33).