APP and Alzheimer disease: To determine the pharmacological modulation of APP lactylation levels and whether it would be protective against AD, we treated 2-month-old APP23/PS45 AD model mice with L-lactate or a combined application of sodium oxalate and 4CIN (O-4CIN) (36) and tested Aβ pathology and spatial learning and memory in 6-month-old mice (Supplemental Figure 10A).