MUC2 and colitis: It has been reported that B. pseudocatenulatum alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by increasing Muc2 mRNA expression, thereby enhancing intestinal barrier function while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (49), indicating the anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory benefits of B. pseudocatenulatum for the gut.