TNF and abdominal aortic aneurysm: TG2 has been shown to inhibit MMP-2, -9, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in primary cultures of human abdominal aortic aneurysm-derived smooth muscle cells, supporting the notion that TG2 stabilizes the ECM and prevents the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (Shin et al., 2013).