TNF and abdominal aortic aneurysm: In a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm induced by intraluminal elastase and extraluminal calcium chloride exposure in vivo, TG2, TNF-α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA expression were increased in the acute phase compared to the chronic phase of the disease (Munezane et al., 2010).