TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Morcos et al. developed and synthesized a nanocurcumin formulation with an average particle size of 30±7 nm to investigate its therapeutic potential in letrozole-induced PCOS-related pancreatic deficiencies by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and TNF-α levels, which are irregularities observed in β cells of the PCOS rat model (Figure 2B) 57.