At the same time, arsenic trioxide induces autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by upregulation of BNIP3 59; loss of BNIP3 expression results in a more aggressive tumor phenotype correlating with worsened prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer and increases resistance to 5-fluoro-uracil and gemcitabine 60. This evidence concerns the gene BNIP3 and malignant glioma.