Moreover, previous studies suggest that soluble Aβ species contribute significantly to cognitive impairment and synaptic toxicity in AD, acting earlier and independently of Aβ plaques and tau (Bloom, 2014; Koss et al., 2016; Hampel et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Haynes et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and Cognitive impairment.