TNF and breast carcinoma: Palmitoylated proteins on the surface of breast cancer cell-derived exosomes can stimulate the activation of NF-κB in macrophages, releasing pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and enhance the body's immune function 271.