ARAF and colorectal carcinoma: Nouri et al. (2021) identified pks in 23% of CRC patients compared to 7.1% in the control group, corroborating prior findings by Buc et al. (2013) who detected the gene in 39.5% of CRC patients and 12.9% of diverticulosis patients. Thus, the pks island is a potential biomarker for CRC development. Moreover, it is highly conserved across various Enterobacteriaceae species and performs diverse functions beyond its potential role in CRC development (Chagneau et al., 2022).