Prospective studies in children genetically at risk to develop T1D reveal that the persistence of enteroviruses, particularly CVB, is associated with the onset of islet autoimmunity (Honkanen et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2019; Oikarinen et al., 2012; Vehik et al., 2019) and that the infection with the CVB serotype 1 (CVB1) is strongly associated with the initiation of insulin-driven autoimmunity (Laitinen et al., 2014; Sioofy-Khojine et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.