GDF15 and prostate carcinoma: A prospective case-control study conducted in 156 advanced prostate cancer patients measured vitamin D and vitamin D derived binding protein (VDBP), and proved the association of VDBP and bioavailable vitamin D with lethal prostate cancer [16]. Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is an anti-inflammatory signalling molecule.