In non-small cell lung cancer, Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) has a dual function in regulating glycolysis: under normal oxygen levels, TGF-β can inhibit glycolysis, but under hypoxic conditions, both in vitro and in vivo, TGF-β significantly promotes tumor cell glycolysis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.