TNF and colitis: Additionally, these results align with previous research, where Chrysanthemum morifolium polysaccharide ameliorates colitis by the expansion of beneficial bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Lactobacillus by increasing the release of several anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-4 and IL-10 and reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-23, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, from the harmful bacteria such as Bacteroides (Tao et al., 2017).