We analyzed the differences between the characteristic genes of the AIS group and control groups and identified nine genes with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), including RPL4, RBM14, CCT3, PABPN1, RPL13A, ELAVL1, RPL12, AHR, and TLR4. Boxplots are shown in Fig. 7d. Here, CCT3 is linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome.