The transition to AR-null lineage, underscored by the rising prevalence post the introduction of AR-targeting therapy like enzalutamide and abiraterone, highlights the role of AR inhibition in driving this change.11 To dissect the impact of ADT on prostate cancer at single-cell level, we collected fresh prostate cancer specimens from patients both before (pre-treatment, via needle biopsy) and after (post-treatment, via radical prostatectomy) 3-month ADT treatment (Fig. 1a; Supplementary information, Table S1). This evidence concerns the gene AR and prostate carcinoma.