We then analyze activated upstream regulators by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) and the data revealed the top 3 upstream regulators: MYC, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 1,2-dithiol-3-thione (D3T), suggesting that gram-negative bacteria could be an important modulator of cancer progression in OSCC (Fig. 1b). This evidence concerns the gene MYC and cancer.