To conclude, we propose a scenario, in which effector cytokines IFNγ and TNFα derived from lymphocyte infiltrates in hot tumours are able to modulate the CAF secretome and thereby shape the CAF landscape in the TME of NSCLC, which could have implications in immune cell recruitment and activation and ultimately tumour progression and therapy response. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and non-small cell lung carcinoma.