TGF-β was reported to be a significant pathway used by MDSCs in several human illnesses, e.g., type 1 diabetes, lung cancer, and SARS-CoV-2 (Grohova et al., 2020; Sacchi et al., 2020; Mojsilovic et al., 2022). Here, TGFB1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.